Intelligences and Michael Jordans Career :: Basketball Science Papers

In Creating Minds, by Howard Gardner, three organizing themes are introduced. Gardner proposes that the creative employment of an soulfulness is broken down into relationships between the child and the master, between an individual and his work, and between an individual and other people. When studying Michael Jordan, three key moments in his life appear to represent these three principles and explain his success. First, proof of his aim of dominance should be presented. Michael Jeffrey Jordan has experienced success at the highest level of his domain. Jordan began his locomote as the National Basketball Association Rookie of the Year in 1984-85. He led his team to six NBA championships, and was named the Finals Most Valuable role player each time. Jordan won ten scoring titles, including seven straight from the 1986-87 to 1992-93 season. He also received the regular season MVP five times. In the year 2001, a panel of sports experts was organized in order to take for the greatest athlete of the twentieth century. This distinguished 48-member panel voted Michael Jordan number unrivaled ahead of such greats as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali. What does it take to be the greatest? In order to be a master of either domain, you must possess an added characteristic that your peers do not. There may be another person who trick jump as high as you can, or who can run as fast as you, or who can bench press more weight than you. But you can make sure that there is no one who practices more than you. The business leader to push yourself to your limit and maybe a bit further is dismission to give you the advantage over your competitors. This is an aspect of the intrapersonal intelligence discussed by Howard Gardner is his prevail Creating Minds. I propose that Michael Jordans success is not solely payable to his athletic ability, but rather to the interaction between his bodily/ kinesthetic and intraper sonal intelligences. One without the other would not have allowed him to accomplish all that he has in his career.

American name David Birth name Huayi

My partner is a real dynamic Chinese guy named Hua Yi, but is kn declare by his Ameri underside name, David Birth. He is an lonesome(prenominal) son and lives with his immediate family although he has different family members and relatives in southward East China. His father pastures as a truck device driver and his m opposite, as an airline inspector. He goes back to China to visit any two years or so. On assessment, he believes that their family belongs to the middle crystalise economic strata. Davids parents moved to the United States nine years ago in 2000 in search of wider horizons and better earning opportunities.David believes that he left his heathenish roots in China, but he has never forgotten this, and so, condescension his universe in the United States, he has retained his cultural identity and learned to incorporate American culture into it. He believes he has half of his heart in China and half in the United States. David is a really strong-arm someone a nd loves to indulge in sports and other physical activities like table tennis, club and local golfing, as well as fishing. He values his leisure time and flattens this mostly with his family and friends.He likes to watch movies and spend time learning red-hot things and discovering new possibilities. He is also real outgoing and can handle his emotions quite well. David finished his secondary grooming from North Penn High School in Lansdale four years ago in 2005. He has consistently been a B student and unyielding to shift from nursing to international business during his college years. He plans to pursue this arcdegree in international business and later transfer to a synagogue from his community college.He is bent on finding a job in the Philadelphia area so that he can use this job as a stepping stone to accomplish his dream of being able to become all around the world and learn new things. In the close year, he has also made a resolve to work sullen to bear satisfac tory grades to enable him to transfer to a better college. He also plans to invest in real estate when he has the resources and get a luxurious house for his parents. David can be genuinely faint at times and he also has bar in verbalizing his emotions. He is very close to his family and so fears that one day they leave behind profit health problems and eventually die.INFERENTIAL SECTION Based on the simplicity of David, and his very simple aspirations, I can easily say that he only seeks very ordinary dreams for himself and for the people around him. I think that his initiative desire would be to able to meet the basic requirements of a dignify purport, hence, quite likely, in the next ten years he would be focused on building his own family, leading a good family life, maintaining a decent and good paying job, and being able to acquire residential property. Considering his Asian background, David has high hopes of moving to America.Based on his past, I can say that movin g to America is a very welcome interchange for him and that this significant event in his life has given him a to a greater extent(prenominal) liberal and permissive aspect of things, enabling him to be more than decisive, more assailable to risks, and change. His Asian background has also given him the propensity to view things based on the oriental belief of Karma, which means that according to his own personal philosophy, he thinks that the energy you put out to the universe, which could either be good or bad, is the same kind of energy that the universe will send back to you.VALUE SECTION As a person, my partners potentialitys are being able to maintain an open mind in all things and seek opportunities to try innovations. This mindset of his could be considered a strength because this will enable him to explore many new things in life and try out more opportunities therefore fashioning him a more rounded and more holistic person than he is now. David is very open to crit icism and he believes that he can learn many new things from what other people say as a strength, this can nominate to self-improvement as well as individual development.David, on the other hand, can be very shy at times. This prevents him from callizing his ideas and making his thoughts known to other people. This, as his weakness, can cause him to become less(prenominal) satisfied of genuine situations because he cannot verbalize what he wants to do more or less these things. He may also have problems with indicating what he truly wants in many cases because not all people can read other peoples minds. Treated the other mode, this shyness can be converted into a strength if it is based on the concept of being mild-mannered and composed.This particular attitude of his can work the other way and give other people the impression that he can check off himself well and is not given to stray and baseless reactions and emotions. SELF-REFLECTION SECTION As a interpersonal communica tor, I believe that the most important cleverness that I have is the ability to listen and allow the other person to speak. Many things can be gleaned from how another person reacts to our questions and I am confident that I give due attention to these subtle and discreet reactions.Another ability of mine that I consider a strength is my skill of being able to rephrase the question for clarity. This can be very helpful especially if the person I am talking to has difficulty in comprehension. I am also given to being merry and bubbly at times so this serves to keep the interest of the person I am talking to. I also tend to be very intimate when it comes to chat maintaining eye contact, physical contact, and contact on a mental level.I avoid being too emotional when communicating to maintain objectivity. In my conversation with David he found me to be very entertaining. On the other hand, my approach to communication can be very aggressive at times and this can intimidate the per son I am talking to and cause them to shrink into themselves. My being very vocal and verbal can sometimes come across as intimidating. I tend to be very precise at times, and this can work against me by making me sound more like an investigator than a communicator.To improve on my interpersonal communication skills, I believe that I need to expose myself to more real life situations and not comprehend encounters like they are opportunities to earn a good grade in the classroom. I have to learn the entertainment and knowledge value of communication and the various benefits that it can present to social relationships. Perhaps, I need to calculate personality development seminars and workshops to make me more effective in interpersonal communications. To add to this, I also need to develop a certain degree of rapport with myself to be able to reflect this rapport to whoever I am communicating with.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Twenty

Outside the military strength, the atmosp here was considerably less tense. The unc emergeh chord men remained on horseback, never quite in a line. all(prenominal) now and whence(prenominal) one of them would increase his step or regrets garbage pop, and one horse would pass a nonher. Perfunctory greetings would be ex alterationd.Occasion on the wholey somebody would comment on the weather.Lord Crowland descrymed rather interested in the native birds.doubting Thomas didnt interpret much, further bull glanced everyplace at him vertical Lord, was he whistling?Are you happy? bullshit asked, his voice a bit short.Thomas adverted back in surprise. Me? He frowned, recovering to the highest degree it. I suppose I am. Its a rather fine day, dont you think?A fine day, tinkers dam echoed. nonee of us is trapped in the carriage with that evil old hag, Crowland announced. We should all be happy. Then he added, Pardon, since the evil old hag was, subsequently all, grand mother to both of his companions.Pardons excess on my account, Thomas state. I agree with your assessment completely. on that point had to be something significant in this, horseshit imagination that their conversation unplowed reverting to how relieved they all were non to be in the dowagers presence. It was damned strange, to enounce the truth, and yet, it did make one thinkWill I be possessed of to arrive at it away with her? he blurted aside.Thomas looked over and grinned. The Outer Hebrides, my man, the Outer Hebrides.Why didnt you do it? scalawag demanded.Oh, believe me, I will, on the off chance I steady possess any power over her tomorrow. And if I dontThomas shrugged. Ill need some sort of employment, wont I? I perpetually wishinged to travel. perhaps I shall be your sc come step forward of the clo good deal. Ill expose the oldest, coldest place on the island. I shall confine a rollicking non handsome(predicate) time.For Gods sake, rascal swore. Stop t alking same that. He did non sine qua non this to be preordained. He did non trust it to be understood. Thomas ought to be fighting for his place in the world, not blithely handing it over.Because he himself did not desire it. He strokee thanksgiving, and he bede his freedom, and much than anything, refine at that very moment, he treasured to be somewhere else. Anywhere else.Thomas gave him a curious look hardly verbalize nothing more. And neither did rascal. Not when they reached Pollamore, or Cavan town, or even as they rode into Butlersbridge.Night had tenacious since fallen, scarcely cocksucker knew every store bet, every last signpost and tree. There was the Derragarra Inn, where hed got himself drunk on his ordinal birthday. There was the andcher, and the blacksmith, and ah, yes, thither was the oatmeal mill, so-and-so which hed stolen his first kiss.Which miserlyt that in quintuple no, make that four more minutes, he would be home.Home.It was a me mber he had not uttered in years. It had had no meaning. Hed project upd in inns and common houses and sometimes under the stars. Hed had his ragtag group of friends, but they drifted in and out of togetherness. They thieved together more by convenience than anything else. All theyd had in common was a shargond past in the military, and a willingness to give a portion of their bounty to those who had re move from the war less fortunate than they.Over the years, bozo had given money to men without legs, women without husbands, children without p bents. No one ever questioned where hed got the money. He conjectural his bearing and accent were those of a gentleman, and that was lavish. People saw what they treasured to see, and when a former officer (who never quite got well-nigh to sharing his name) came bearing giftsNo one ever wanted to question it.And with all this, hed told no one. Who had in that respect been to regularise? aggrandize.Now in that respect was Grace.He smiled. She would approve. Perhaps not of the means, but certainly of the end. The truth was, hed never interpreted anything from anyone who hadnt looked as if they could afford it. And hed always been careful to more thoroughly intoxicate the most annoying of his victims.Such scruples would not guard kept him from the gallows, but it had always made him feel a bit amend about his chosen profession.He see to itd a horse honk up next to his, and when he move, thither was Thomas, now keeping pace beside him. Is this the road? he asked quietly.Jack nodded. Just around the bend.They are not expecting you, are they?No.Thomas had far too much ingenuity to question him further, and indeed, he allowed his mount to fall back by fractional a length, granting Jack his privacy.And accordingly there it was. Cloverhill. Just as hed remembered it, leave off maybe the vines had bookn over a bit more of the brick facade. The suite were lit, and the windows shone with warmth. And even t hough the yet sounds were those made by the traveling party, Jack could swear he could render laughter and merriment seeping out through with(predicate) the walls.Dear God, hed thought hed missed it, but thisThis was something more. This was an ache, a true, lb pain in his chest an empty hole a sob, everlastingly caught in his throat.This was home.Jack wanted to break short, to take a moment to see at the graceful old house, but he heard the carriage drawing off c getr and knew that he could not keep everyone at verbalise while he indulged his own nostalgia.The last thing he wanted was for the dowager to barge in ahead of him (which he was quite certain she would do), so he rode up to the entrance, dismounted, and walked up the stairs on his own. He disagreeable his eyes and drew a long breath, and then, since he wasnt wishly to pull in any more courage in the next hardly a(prenominal) minutes, he lifted the brass knocker and brought it down.There was no immediate reply . This was not a surprise. It was late. They were unexpected. The pantryman might consent retired for the night. There were so many another(prenominal) antecedents they should accept got rooms in the village and made their way to Cloverhill in the morning. He didnt want The door opened. Jack held his hands tightly behind his back. Hed tried leaving them at his sides, but they started to shake.He saw the get of the candle first, and then the man behind it, wrinkled and stooped.Master Jack?Jack swallowed. Wimpole, he verbalise. substantially heavens, the old butler must be nearing eighty, but of campaign his aunty would have kept him on, for as long as he wished to work, which, discerning Wimpole, would be until the day he died.We were not expecting you, Wimpole said.Jack tried for a smile. Well, you realize how I like a surprise.Come in Come in Oh, Master Jack, Mrs. Audley will be so pleased to see you. As will Wimpole stop, peering out the door, his dried-up old eyes creasing into a squint.I am afraid that I brought a few guests, Jack explained. The dowager had already been suspensored down from the carriage, and Grace and Amelia were right behind her. Thomas had grabbed onto his grandmothers arm hard, from the looks of it to give Jack a few moments alone, but the dowager was already showing signs of impending outrage.Wimpole? came a feminine voice. Who is here at this hour?Jack stood stiffly, hardly able to breathe. It was his aunt bloody shame. She sounded scarcely the same. It was as if hed never leftExcept it wasnt. If hed never left, his heart wouldnt be pounding, his mouth wouldnt be dry. And most of all, he wouldnt feel so blinking(a) terrified. Scared spitless at seeing the one person who had loved him his immaculate life, with her whole heart and without condition.Wimpole? I Shed rounded the corner and was staring at him like a ghost. Jack?In the flesh. He tried for a jovial tone but couldnt quite manage it, and deep inside, dow n where he kept his blackest moments, he wanted to cry. Right there, in confront of everyone, it was twisting and writhing inside of him, bursting to get out.Jack she cried out, and she hurled herself forward, throwing her arms around him. Oh, Jack. Jack, my dear(p) sweet boy. Weve missed you so. She was covering his governing body with kisses, like a mother would her son.Like she should have been able to do for Arthur.It is good to see you, Aunt bloody shame, he said. He pulled her tight then and buried his compositors case in the crook of her neck, because she was his mother, in every way that mattered. And hed missed her. By God, hed missed her, and in that moment it did not matter that hed hurt her in the worst way imaginable. He just wanted to be held.Oh, Jack, she said, grimace through her tears, I ought to horsewhip you for staying away so long. Why would you do such a thing? Dont you know how worried we were? How Ahem.bloody shame stopped and turned, politic holding J acks face in her hands. The dowager had made her way to the front entrance and was rest behind him on the stone steps.You must be the aunt, she said.Mary just stared at her. Yes, she finally replied. And you are?Aunt Mary, Jack said hastily, before the dowager could chat again, I am afraid I must introduce you to the dowager Duchess of Wyndham.Mary let go of him and curtsied, stepping aside as the dowager swept past her. The Duchess of Wyndham? she echoed, looking at Jack with palpable shock. Good heavens, Jack, couldnt you have sent notice?Jack smiled tightly. It is better this way, I crack you.The rest of the traveling party came forward at that moment, and Jack faultless the introductions, stressful not to notice his aunt going from paler to palest after he identified the Duke of Wyndham and the Earl of Crowland.Jack, she whispered frantically, I havent the rooms. We have nothing grand enough cheer, Mrs. Audley, Thomas said with a deferential bow, do not institutionalize y ourself out on my accord. It was unforgivable for us to arrive without notice. I would not expect you to go to any great lengths.Although he glanced over at the dowager, who was rest in the hall with a sour look on her face perhaps your finest room for my grandmother. It will be easier for everyone.Of course, Mary said promptly. Please, please, its chilly. You must all come inside. Jack, I do need to tell you Where is your church? the dowager demanded.Our church? Mary asked, looking to Jack in confusion. At this hour?I do not intend to worship, the dowager snapped. I wish to inspect the records.Does Vicar Beveridge still preside? Jack asked, trying to cut the dowager off.Yes, but he will surely be abed. Its half nine, I should think, and he is an early riser. Perhaps in the morning. I This is a matter of dynastic importance, the dowager cut in. I dont care if its after midnight. We I care, Jack cut in, silencing her with an icy behavior. You are not going to pull the vicar o ut of bed.You have waited this long. You can bloody well wait until morning.Jack Mary gasped. She turned to the dowager. I did not raise him to speak this way.No, you didnt, Jack said, which was the c turn a lossst he was going to come to an apology while the dowager was staring him down.You were his mothers sister, werent you? the dowager said.Mary looked a bit baffled at the sudden change of topic. I am.Were you endow at her wedding?I was not.Jack turned to her in surprise. You werent?No. I could not attend. I was in confinement. She gave Jack a rueful look. I never told you. It was a stillbirth. Her face salvingened. Just one of the reasons I was so happy to have you.We shall make for the church in the morning, the dowager announced, apathetic in Marys obstetrical history. First thing. We shall find the papers and be through with(p) with it.The papers? Mary echoed.Proof of the marriage, the dowager bit off. She looked upon Mary with icy condescension, then dismissed her with a flick of her head, adding, Are you daft?It was a good thing Thomas pulled her back, because Jack would have gone for her throat.Louise was not get hitched with in the Butlersbridge church, Mary said. She was married at Maguiresbridge.In County Fermanagh, where we grew up.How far is that? the dowager demanded, trying to yank her arm free of Thomass grasp.Twenty miles, your grace.The dowager muttered something quite unpleasant. Jack could not make out the exact language, but Mary blanched. She turned to him with an expression nearing alarm. Jack? What is this all about? Why do you need substantiation of your mothers marriage?He looked at Grace, who was stand up a bit behind his aunt. She offered him a tiny nod of encouragement, and he cleared his throat and said, My start was her son.Mary looked over at the dowager in shock. Your fatherJohn Cavendish, you meanThomas stepped forward. May I intercede?Jack felt exhausted. Please do.Mrs. Audley, Thomas said, with more dignity and collection than Jack could ever have imagined, if there is proof of your sisters marriage, then your nephew is the true Duke of Wyndham.The true Duke of Mary cover her mouth in shock. No. Its not possible. I remember him. Mr.Cavendish. He was She waved her arms in the air as if trying to describe him with gestures. Finally, after several attempts at a more verbal explanation, she said, He would not have kept such a thing from us.He was not the heir at the time, Thomas told her, and had no reason to believe he would become so.Oh, my heavens. But if Jack is the duke, then you Are not, he accurate wryly. I am sure you can imagine our eagerness to have this settled.Mary stared at him in shock. And then at Jack. And then looked as if she very much wanted to sit down.I am standing in the hall, the dowager announced haughtily.Dont be rude, Thomas chided.She should have seen to Thomas shifted his bobby pin on her arm and yanked her forward, brushing right past Jack and his aunt. Mrs .Audley, he said, we are most grateful for your hospitality. All of us.Mary nodded gratefully and turned to the butler. Wimpole, would you Of course, maam, he said, and Jack had to smile as he moved away. No doubt he was rousing the housekeeper to have her prepare the necessary bedrooms. Wimpole had always known what Aunt Mary needed before shed had to utter the words.We shall have rooms readied in no time, Mary said, turning to Grace and Amelia, who were standing off to the side. Would the both of you mind sharing? I dont have It is no trouble at all, Grace said warmly. We enjoy each others company.Oh, convey you, Mary said, sounding relieved. Jack, you shall have to take your old bed in the nursery, and oh, this is silly, I should not be wasting your time here in the hall. Let us retire to the drawing room, where you may warm yourselves by the fire until your rooms are ready.She ushered everyone in, but when Jack made to go, she set her hand on his arm, softly holding him b ack.We missed you, she said.He swallowed, but the lump in his throat would not dislodge. I missed you, too, he said. He tried to smile. Who is home? Edward must have Married, she finished for him. Yes. As soon as we were out of mourning for Arthur. And Margaret soon after. They both live close by, Edward just down the lane, Margaret in Belturbet.And Uncle William? Jack had last seen him at Arthurs funeral. Hed looked older. Older, and tired.And stiff with grief. He is well?Mary was silent, and then an unbearable heartache filled her eyes. Her lips parted but she did not speak. She did not need to.Jack stared at her in shock. No, he whispered, because it could not be true. He was supposed to have had a chance to say he was sorry. Hed come all the way to Ireland. He wanted to say he was sorry.He died, Jack. Mary blinked several times, her eyes glistening. It was two years ago. I didnt know how to find you. You never gave us an address.Jack turned, taking a few steps toward the rear of the house. If he stayed where he was, someone could see him. Everyone was in the drawing room. If they looked through the doorway, they would see him, struck, ready to cry, maybe ready to scream.Jack? It was Mary, and he could hear her steps moving cautiously toward him. He looked up at the ceiling, taking a shaky, open-mouthed breath. It didnt help, but it was all he could manage.Mary set her hand on his arm. He told me to tell you he loved you.Dont say that. It was the one thing he couldnt hear. Not just now.He did. He told me he knew you would come home. And that he loved you, and you were his son. In his heart, you were his son.He cover his face with his hands and found himself pressing tight, tighter, as if he could stick this all away. Why was he surprised? There was no reason he should be. William was not a young man hed been about forty when he married Mary. Did he think that life would have stood still in his absence?That no one would have changed, or expectantor die d?I should have come back, he said. I should have Oh, God, Im such an idiot.Mary touched his hand, pulled it softly down and held it. And then she pulled him out of the hall, into the nearest room. His uncles study.Jack walked over to the desk. It was a hulking, behemoth of a thing, the woodland dark and scuffed and smelling like the paper and ink that always lain atop it.But it had never been imposing. Funny, hed always liked coming in here. It seemed odd, really. Hed been an out of doors sort of boy, always running and racing, and covered in mud. Even now, he hated a room with fewer than two windows.But he had always liked it here.He turned to look at his aunt. She was standing in the middle of the room. Shed closed the door most of the way and set her candle down on a shelf. She turned and looked back at him and said, very softly, He knew you loved him.He agitate his head. I did not deserve him. Or you.Stop this talk. I wont hear it.Aunt Mary, you know He come out his fisted hand to his mouth, biting down on his knuckle. The words were there, but they burned in his chest, and it was so damned hard to speak them. You know that Arthur would not have gone to France if not for me.She stared at him in bewilderment, then gasped and said, Good heavens, Jack, you do not blame yourself for his death?Of course I do. He went for me. He would never have He wanted to join the army. He knew it was that or the clergy, and heaven knows he did not want that.Hed always planned No, Jack cut in, with all the force and pettishness in his heart. He hadnt. Maybe he told you he had, but You cannot take responsibility for his death. I will not let you.Aunt Mary Stop Stop itThe heels of her hands were pressed against her temples, her fingers wrapping up and over her skull.More than anything, she looked as if she were trying to shut him out, to put a stop to whatever it was he was trying to tell her.But it had to be said. It was the only way she would understand.And it woul d be the first time hed uttered the words aloud.I cannot read.Three words. Thats all it was. Three words. And a lifetime of secrets.Her brow wrinkled, and Jack could not tell did she not believe him? Or was it simply that she thought shed misheard?People saw what they expected to see. Hed acted like an educated man, and so that was how shed seen him.I cant read, Aunt Mary. Ive never been able to. Arthur was the only one who ever realized.She shook her head. I dont understand. You were in school. You were graduated By the skin of my teeth, Jack cut in, and only then, with Arthurs help. Why do you think I had to leave university?Jack She looked about embarrassed. We were told you misbehaved. You drank too much, and there was that woman, and and that awful prank with the pig, and Why are you shaking your head?I didnt want to embarrass you.You think that wasnt demeaning?I could not do the work without Arthurs help, he explained. And he was two years behind me.But we were told Id rather have been dismissed for bad behavior than stupidity, he said softly.You did it all on purpose?He dipped his chin.Oh, my God. She sank into a chair. Why didnt you say something? We could have hired a tutor.It wouldnt have helped. And then, when she looked up at him in confusion he said, almost helplessly,The letters dance. They flip about. I can never tell the remainder between a d and a b, unless they are uppercase, and even then I Youre not stupid, she cut in, and her voice was sharp.He stared at her.You are not stupid. If there is a problem it is with your eyes, not your mind. I know you. She stood, her movements shaky but determined, and then she touched his cheek with her hand. I was there the moment you were born. I was the first to hold you. I have been with you for every scrape, every tumble. I have watched your eyes light, Jack. I have watched you think.How cunning you must have been, she said softly, to have fooled us all.Arthur helped me all through school, he s aid as evenly as he was able. I never asked him to. He said he liked He swallowed then, because the memory board was rising in his throat like a cannonball. He said he liked to read aloud.I think he did like that. A tear began to roll down her cheek. He idolized you, Jack.Jack fought the sobs that were choking his throat. I was supposed to protect him.Soldiers die, Jack. Arthur was not the only one. He was merely She closed her eyes and turned away, but not so fast that Jack didnt see the flash of pain on her face.He was merely the only one who mattered to me, she whispered. She looked up, straight into his eyes.Please, Jack, I dont want to lose two sons.She held out her arms, and before Jack knew it, he was there, in her embrace. Sobbing.He had not cried for Arthur. Not once. Hed been so full of anger at the French, at himself that he had not left room for grief.But now here it was, rushing in. All the sadness, all the times hed witnessed something amusing and Arthur had not b een there to share it with. All the milestones he had celebrated alone. All the milestones Arthur would never celebrate.He cried for all of that. And he cried for himself, for his lost years. Hed been running. Running from himself. And he was tired of it. He wanted to stop. To stay in one place.With Grace.He would not lose her. He did not care what he had to do to ensure their future, but ensure it he would. If Grace said that she could not marry the Duke of Wyndham, then he would not be the Duke of Wyndham.Surely there was some flier of his destiny that was still under his control.I need to see to the guests, Mary whispered, pulling gently away.Jack nodded, wiping the last of his tears from his eyes. The dowager Good lord, what was there to say about the dowager, except Im so sorry.She shall have my bedchamber, Mary said. ordinarily Jack would have forbidden her to give up her room, but he was tired, and he suspected she was tired, and tonight seemed like the perfect time to put e ase before pride. And so he nodded. That is very kind of you.I suspect its something closer to self-preservation.He smiled at that. Aunt Mary?Shed reached the door, but she stopped with her hand on the knob, turning back around to face him.Yes?Miss Eversleigh, he said.Something lit in his aunts eyes. Something romantic. Yes?I love her.Marys wide-cut being seemed to warm and glow. I am so happy to hear it.She loves me, too.Even better.Yes, he murmured, it is.She motioned toward the hall. Will you return with me?Jack knew he should, but the evenings revelations had left him exhausted. And he did not want anyone to see him thus, his eyes still red and raw. Would you mind if I remained here? he asked.Of course not. She smiled wistfully and left the room.Jack turned back toward his uncles desk, running his fingers slowly on the smooth surface. It was peaceful here, and the Lord knew, he needed a peak of peace.It was going to be a long night. He would not sleep. There was no sense in t rying. But he did not want to do anything. He did not want to go anywhere, and most of all, he did not want to think.For this momentfor this nighthe just wanted to be.Grace liked the Audleys drawing room, she decided. It was quite elegant, decorated in soft tones of burgundy and cream, with two seating areas, a writing desk, and several cozy variation chairs in the corners. Signs of family life were everywhere from the stack of letters on the desk to the embellishment Mrs. Audley must have abandoned on the sofa when shed heard Jack at the door. On the mantel sat six miniatures in a row. Grace walked over, pretending to warm her hands by the fire.It was their family, she instantly realized, in all probability painted fifteen years ago. The first was surely Jacks uncle, and the next Grace recognized as Mrs. Audley. After that wasGood heavens, was that Jack? It had to be. How could someone change so little? He looked younger, yes, but everything else was the same the expression, th e sly smile.It nearly took her breath away.The other three miniatures were the Audley children, or so Grace assumed. devil boys and one girl. She dipped her head and said a little charm when she reached the younger of the boys. Arthur. Jack had loved him.Was that what he was talking about with his aunt? Grace had been the last to enter the drawing room shed seen Mrs. Audley pull him gently through another doorway.After a few minutes the butler arrived, announcing that their rooms had been prepared, but Grace loitered near the fireplace. She was not ready to leave this room.She was not sure why.Miss Eversleigh.She looked up. It was Jacks aunt.You walk softly, Mrs. Audley, she said. I did not hear you approach.That one is Jack, Mrs. Audley said, reaching out and removing his miniature from the mantel.I recognized him, Grace murmured.Yes, he is much the same. This one is my son Edward. He lives just down the lane. And this is Margaret. She has two daughters of her own now.Grace looke d at Arthur. They both did.I am sorry for your loss, Grace finally said.Mrs. Audley swallowed, but she did not seem to be near tears. Thank you. She turned then, and took Graces hand in hers. Jack is in his uncles study. At the far end of the hall, on the right. Go to him.Graces lips parted.Go, Mrs. Audley said, even more softly than before.Grace felt herself nod, and before shed had time to consider her actions, she was already in the hall, hurrying down toward the end.To the door on the right.Jack? she said softly, pushing the door open a few inches.He was sitting in a chair, facing the window, but he turned quickly and stood at the sound of her voice.She let herself in and closed the door gently behind her. Your aunt said He was right there. Right there in front of her. And then her back was against the door, and he was kissing her, hard, fast, and dear God thoroughly.And then he stepped away. She couldnt breathe, she could barely stand, and she knew she could not have put t ogether a sentence if her life had depended on it.Never in her life had she wanted anything as much as she wanted this man.Go to bed, Grace.What?I cannot resist you, he said, his voice soft, haggard, and everything in between.She reached toward him. She could not help it.Not in this house, he whispered.But his eyes burned for her.Go, he said hoarsely. Please.She did. She ran up the stairs, found her room, and crawled between her sheets.But she shivered all night.She shivered and she burned.

Adult versus children learning

Although it is my opinion that children and adults differ in the degree to which methods facilitate their tuition, I let off think that both arrest the ability to profit from the use of those analogous methods. Such strategies as rehearsal and repetition seem to work particularly well with children, though less so with adults. I believe this has to do with the fact that children naturally find repetition a diverting exercise, dapple adults generally dislike doing it. Motivation, therefore, plays a major role in the triumph of both learners.Such methods of learning as metaphors and imagery would appear to have similar effects on both adults and children. It would seem to me that these methods would work best with adults, who are likely to already possess a schema for overmuch of what is being learned and would thereby be able to make burst connections. However, I once read of much(prenominal) learning inhibitors as hobble (especially in adult language learning), in which p rior knowledge of a language and expectations about learning get in the way of the nurture to be assimilated (August, 2006).Motivation is also a critical aspect of learning (Zhao & Mogan, 2004). Adults feed to be more motivated when learning, and therefore, in such(prenominal) cases will be able to benefit from methods that might otherwise not be conducive to adult learning. I think the efficacy of such methods as repetition is dependent on the persons willingness to do it. A motivated adult would therefore benefit from repetition as a learning method.For example, a few summers ago I essay to learn German, and even though I stopped after a few months, I find that the motivation I had at the succession caused me to learn quite a few vocabulary words via repetition. This is the corresponding method I used as a child period learning Spanish in high school. As an adult, my motivation was to pass with a Swiss friend whom I was tutoring as a child, it was to compensate getting some of the highest Spanish grades in my class. Both experiences suggest to me that children and adults tend to learn in similar ways.ReferencesAugust, G. (2006). So, whats behind adult side of meat second-language reading? Bilingual Research Journal. 30(2), 245-264.Zhao & Morgan. (2004). Consideration of Age in L2 Attainment Children, Adolescents and Adults. Asian EFL Journal. 6(4), 1-13.

English charles dickens great expectations Essay

Discuss Dickens presentation of the relationship between polish off & Joe explain why it is important. get through is a young male minor who loves with his sister and her husband, Joe Gargery. One day while gain is at the burial ground tending to his parents resting place he encounters a convict named Magwitch who forces trounce to cast him file and food in order to escape. Then later on he is hired as a playmate by Ms. Havisham for the deport daughter, Estella, who he later falls in love with and pursues most of his a fitness chasing. Then maculation discovers he has a benefactor who remains a secret and he leaves his home in order to live in capital of the United Kingdom. there he meets an old an acquaintance, Herbert Pocket, whom he met while visiting Ms. Havisham. Herbert and blister become very close friends however while score is in capital of the United Kingdom socially improving himself he neglects the friendship he has with Joe and as time goes by they gradu ally grow apart. Later on welt meets his true benefactor but to his shock it was not Ms. Havisham but sort of Magwitch who made a fortune. Magwitch decided he wanted to thank speckle and repay him by helping him escape and allows him to become a gentleman. until now while Pip is visiting Ms.Havisham the estate is caught on fire and Pip does his best to try and save her. Magwitch wishes to escape and in the motion Pip discovers he has a tenacious lost daughter who he thinks is dead(p) but is revealed it is in truth Estella the love of Pips life. However Magwitch also dies in the process of trying to escape only before his conviction and thence Pip falls terribly ill and is nursed better by his long time friend Joe and his new wife Biddy. Later on Pip realizes Estella is educated by suffering and the pair follow their own r protrudees. There are a number of themes in this bosh which could include Suffering, regression and Greed.Each of these play a major part in the story an d the build up of Pips journey in the story. exclusively the main factor of the story is the friendship that Pip and Joe share and how it changes and it differs from the beget but there are references made and short clips often direct the lever and courtesy which Joe shows towards Pip. There are three main events which take place where they clearly outline the relationship that the two have and how Pip wants to become a gentlemen and how he wants to heighten his social and economic location effects how they treat each other.One of the three main events which describe the whole relationship that Pip and Joe have and how it progresses through the story is just after Pips sister dies where he teaches Joe to read and then Joe describes a very personal piece from when he was a child in this short piece you can see how close they actually were because in the rest of the story Joe does not show another moment from his past to anyone and see how much Joe can trust Pip and the respect in which he has for him.But this differs from when Joe decides to visit Pip in London there is completely antithetic atmosphere no longer does Joe facial gesture to Pip as a frail young boy in need of attention and guidance but now a gentlemen and feels out of place and when he is drawn out of his comfort zone he feels alone and lost and this allows him to see Pip in a different light and also this works for Pip he has lived in London for a while and is used to the highest standard of people and living thusly when Joe decided to visit him he remembers the marshes and the home he used to live in and Joe as a common man and not as a socially accepted person.

Handle information in health and social care setting Essay

resolution 1 Understand the need for secure treatment of breeding in health and social directionIdentify the commandment that relates to the temperamenting, storage and sharing of breeding in health and social fear The Data Protection turn 1998 covers anything relating to a person, medical records, social military service records, credit culture, local authority selective instruction. There atomic number 18 eight enforceable principlesPersonal data shall be processed fairly and lawfullyAdequate, relevant and not excessiveAccurateNot unplowed for longer than infallibleProcess in accordance with the data subject rightsNot transferred to countries without adapted protectionThe Data protection typify also allows people to devour discipline recorded about them through the Freedom of info Act 2000, on that pointfore people argon allowed to see their social c ar files, this is in-chief(postnominal) to know when entering culture in peoples notes. The ICO development Co mmissioners Office is responsible for upholding information rights in the public interest. rationalize why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Information on Care homes and in house information is valuable and critical to the occupation of the home. This information must be stored and processed therefore it is essential that Information Security is maintained. The purpose of information security is to preserveConfidentiality data is only when nettle by those with the right to see them. Integrity information back tooth be relied upon to be accurate and process correctly. Availability information potful be accessed when needed.Insecure information end lead to violation of an individualistics human civil rights that whitethorn results in neglect/or physical, sexual, emotional or financial harm. Manual system of recording information has to secure so they are usually kept in a locked cabinet and may be in a secure room.Outcome 2Know how to access support for handling information identify how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information The first location to look for guidance and advice is the supervisor with regards to information in the work place. If you solicit information about a person, then that persons care plan would be ideal. Information about legislation to ensure that you are complying with the law, them the Information Commissioners Office is the place to contact.Explain what actions to be taken when there are businesss over the recording, storing or sharing of information If there is a concern relating to peoples records, the concern should be say to the manager who is in the position to deal with the concern. For taking a concern further that has not being resolved, the concern needs to be dress in writingBe suck in about day of the months, times and the detailed nature of the concern Identify the steps that have already been t aken and the response Involve trade union or professional disposal for support The steps for resolving concernsDiscuss with line manager usher the concerns and take it to a more senior managerTake it to music director or chief executiveTake it to the inspectorateYou are protected from unsporting dismissal by an employer through the globe Interest Disclosure Act 1998 if your concern relates to the employer.Outcome 3Be able to handle information in accordance with agreed ways of working Keep records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible Records should provide objective, accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information concerning the condition and care of the client. The records kept should reflect an accurate and up to date picture of somebodys situation. Records are kept to leave a full assessment of the clients needsProvide record of any problems and the actions takenProvide evidence of care requiredProvide a baseline record against which improvement or deterioration may be judgedRecords should le after be made as short as possible after the event providing current information on the care and condition of the person.Follow agreed ways of working for record informationGood recording of information supports good practice in a number of ways. Supports effective partnership with users and carers, provides documented evidence and distinguish of the department involvement with an individual, support risk assessment and risk commission plans.The principles for recording-Service users and carers are helped to understand the purpose and contents of their effect record and are invited to contribute to it. Case records will be kept in accordance with Department of health guidance and legal requirements.Storing informationA care plan contains valuable information about a person in care and this information has to be stored. All documents are stored according to legal, brassal and ethical standards. Some information can be stored and disp layed openly, i.e. menus can be stored in a kitchen. Documents, such as care plans, medicament sheets, and employee files need to be stored in locked cupboards in locked rooms to deny access to those who have no right to the information.Sharing information the home has a general duty in common law to safeguard the cutting information they hold of individuals. The home should have a clear policy on the Data Protection Act which staff should pose to. It is important that staff should pay particular attention to ensuring consent to fate information is clearly recorded on file. Where it has been necessary to share information without consent then the justification should be recorded and authorised by the line manager. There are different reasons for sharing personal information without consent-Court or tribunal ordersA persons best interestRisk to healthPolice requestPublic interestProtection to othersPartner agencies providing support.It is important that you know the polici es of the care organisation with regards to confidentiality and the disclosure of information in your workplace. The basic rule is that all information is confidential and cannot be shared with anyone without the consent of the person.

Memorable Day of My Life: My First Day in School

Events and experiences. exclusively all of these are not equally important, gratifying and memorable. There are several(prenominal) memorable days and they remain coniferous in my burden. My first day at school is such a day. It was the month of August, 2004. Was then only five years old. My father told that should be admitted into a school in class one the next day. I felt real excited.I could not think of anything else. I was always intellection about the school and the teachers. I could not even sleep wholesome that night. The next morning my mother woke me early in the morning. She washed me very well, embed my hair and dressed in new clothes. Then had breakfast and started for the school with my father. He took me to the Ha import Public School. It took us half an min to reach the school.When I stepped inside the school with my father was little bit afraid. Saw many students on the school campus. Some were playing , some were talking to each other. Realizing me in a new environment my heart began to beat. Then my Father admitted me in class one. She welcomed me and took me to the class and gave me a seat. exclusively the students in the class were staring at me. I felt a bit nervous once again to see the new faces. But soon I became very easy.

Ethics of Child Labor Essay

Ethics of shaver Labor I. Intro A. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century sister exertion was a r vitamin Aant problem with the advancements in technology. Then during the middle twentieth century, the United States started implementing small fry labor laws such as riding horse an age limit for somebody to work for pay and alike compass certain health and safety codes at the work place. Despite efforts to nix child labor, it is still prevalent in some beas in the orbit today. Most of these children work on small farms.II. Is Child Labor the right way(a) or vituperate? A. Pros i. Hu art object Rights Watch says that child farm workers in the United States- the vast majority of whom atomic number 18 Latino- regularly work 12 to 14 hour days, often worthless pesticide poisonings, heat-related illness, machine and knife-related injuries, and life- great disabilities. Many are forced to work without access to toilet or hand-washing facilities or commensurate dr inking water. (Cray 4) i. Helps get a struggling family financially ii.Child labor has a place in the world economy as bulky as it is neither hazardous or dead- quit work, where the child laborers stub still get an education and thereby help their families out of poverty since an education leave behind ensure better paying jobs in the eagle-eyed run. iii. Work alongside their parents is both(prenominal) a financial necessity, and as well as straggle of the ethnic family work moral principle. B. Cons i. Illnesses, injury, lifelong disabilities. ii. The associative qualities of child labor is it produces a negative image of the associated company, country, family that enforces it.iii. Emotional injury is put on that child for life III. Jeremy Bentham A. honorable System including the influence of Theology 1. Moral Aspects of knowingness i. Finitude-capacity of transcendence which gives humans the ability to imagine their own end(Schaffer 66). ii. rawness-Comes from a sens e of transcendence- we are able to imagine states which we toilette neer quite achieve. This is rough the individual(Schaffer 66). 2. Beliefs about Right and Wrong i. hedonic calculasAccording to this doctrine, the way to judge between alternative courses of action is to distri moreovere the consequences of all(prenominal), in terms of the cheer and pain of all the mountain alter(Mills 281) 3. Definition of beloved i. Utilitarianism presupposes superstar overriding moral principle that integrity ought to aim at the greatest happiness of the greatest number. (Mills 280) ii. Bentham thought what was uncorrupted was whatsoever gave the just about amount of pleasure to the most amount of people iii. Subjective opening of Value-How I feel, non a matter of right or wrong, knowledge not infallible.(Schaffer 73) 4. Obligations i. If the central mis fully grown of political ism is taken to be Why, if at all, should the citizen obey the state? The utilitarian make out is q uite clear. The citizen should obey just so far as fealty ill contribute more to the world(a) happiness than disobedience. If the central question is taken to be the nature and ontological status of the state, the answer is equally clear the state is not a super-entity with purposes and a will of its own, but a human contrivance to enable men to realize as more of their desires as possible.(Mills 281) ii. Explanation Bentham thinks it is the obligations of the state to provide the people elementary pleasures and if the state is doing that thusly the people should comply with some of the states demands and if that is not the discipline then the people dont have listen to the state. 5. Ideals and Virtues i. It is as the exponent of utilitarianism and as the acknowledged leader of the philosophical radicals, whose program of fond reform was firmly based on utilitarian theory, that Bentham is chiefly remembered.He thought of the principle of public utility company as primarily a manoeuvre for legislators. Thought it he hoped to impart some order into chaos and illogicalness of the law(Mills 281) ii. Perhaps the crucial question for a utilitarian ethic intended mainly for lawyers and legislators is whether it elicit account adequately for justices. It may be argued that justice requires the equalization as well as the maximization of pleasures. It is not unjust to require me to endure five units of pain on Monday for the interest group of ten units of pleasure on Tuesday.But is it just to require smith to endure five units of pain for the sake of ten units of pleasure for Jones? It is enigmatic whether Bentham can meet this objection. He does, however argue that the maximization of pleasure will itself involve an equalizing tendency. This is because the economists law of diminishing utility applies to pleasure. The minor amenities of life afford much pleasure to individual whose other pleasures are few, but comparatively little to someone whose ple asures are many.Consequently, while it is true that a utilitarian, forced to choose between a course of action that gives X and Y 10 units of pleasure each and one that gives X 31 units of pleasure and Y 10 units of pain, will prefer the second, it is also true that such choices are most promising to arise when Xs life is as a general rue more painful than Ys(Mills 283) iii. Sincerity-free from pretense or deceit, proceeding from genuine feelings (Oxford American Dictionaries) iv. Tranquility-quality or state of being staticcalmnesspeacefulnessquiet relaxation(Dictionary.com) 6. Culpability/ impression i. In Benthams perceptiveness, our conviction that it is unjust to punish an innocent man is based on nothing but the empirical consideration that punishing the innocent is not likely to deter others from crime. This is, however, not always true the innocent man may be a hostage, or he may be generally thought to be guilty. (Mills 283-284) ii. Consenquencea conclusion derived by means of logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a nail down of conditions. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) B.How Bentham would address Child Labor i. If Bentham were assessing the issue of child Labor he would probably take into account the pleasure and pain involving the children and the employers. From the employers point of view their getting workers working for lower pay and also more skill of certain tasks rather than adults. From the children point of view, Bentham would see that it would be a reinforcement for a struggling family for their children to work to help put food on the table also it could help inspire a stronger work ethic for the children.Then when calculating the pain knobbed, that would be attributed to possible injuries and diseases the child capability get and also the trauma inflicted upon the child and family. Bentham would also recognize the pique of other countries around the world that condemn child labor as a legal practic e. Using hedonic calculus, Bentham would determine if this right or wrong and taking account of all the pleasure and pain involved he would probably come with the conclusion that Child Labor is wrong. IV. Aristotle A. ethical system including the influence of theology 1. Moral aspect of awareness i. Unfinished- pursuit the Other half-we have to move to discover otherness through poetry, literature, movies, etc complicated desire to be in relation/community Philosophical & Religious Understandings-in complete (dream) Aristotle, long for innocence Augustine(Schaffer 66). ii. Explanation Aristotle thought that to reach out a higher level of being we must engage ourselves in the field of arts to reach the other half of our self 2. Beliefs about right or wrong i.Aristotle believed good was something that brought you happiness or fulfills your desires. ii. Aristotle also believed if you dont overly indulge yourself in your desires then it would be considered ethical but if you indul ge in excess then it would be unethical 3. Ideals and Virtues i. TempranceThe Greek philosopher Socrates considered continence to be almost synonymous with self-mastery. The cold-temperate person, he argued, is the one who exercises control over his or her desires and thereby escapes supremacy by them. Aristotle took a similar view, holding self-indulgence to be childish.For these philosophers, and for many of the ethicists that followed them, the hallmarks of temperance are moderation and restraint of ones desires and passions. (Ruggiero 112) ii. watchfulness This right known also as practical wisdom, consists of choosing ones behaviour judiciously by consulting experience and deliberating thoughtfully about what rejoinder is most appropriate. Prudence is the exact opposite of rashness and impulsiveness. (Ruggiero 111-112) 4. Definition of Good i. Subjective theory of Value How I feel =not a matter of right or wrong knowledge not needed(Schaffer 73) ii.Aristotle thought what ever was good was whatever fulfilled your desires or make you happy 5. Obligations i. Obligations of friendly relationshipFriendship entails common respect and a fussy interest in the others well being. It requires one to experience at the others achiever and good fortune and to parcel out the pain of the others chagrin and failure. It also requires on to be trust-worthy about confidences, to provide emotional bridge over when it is needed, and to restrain the urge to be critical in small matters. (Ruggiero 100) ii.Obligations of friendshipCitizenship obligates a person to erect the well-being of the country and fellow citizens by respecting and observing the law and respecting the permit initiatives of the countrys leaders, even if one disagrees with their political perspective. In a democracy, it also requires participation in the electoral process. When the country is unjustly attacked, it is also a citizens responsibility, conscience permitting, to support the countrys result and even, if one is young and healthy enough, to trick an active role in the countrys defense. (Ruggiero 100) 6. Culpability/Consequence i. Consenquencea conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) B. How Aristotle would approach Child Labor i. Aristotle would approach Child from a subjective theory of value and determine if it was right or wrong depending on the situation. For example if the family of the child is in desperate for money then he would consider it ethical for child to work. But if the child is suffering from the work then Aristotle would then consider it unethical.VI. My ethical system A. Ethical System Including the Influence of Theology 1. Moral Aspect of Awareness i. Incompleteness Comes from a sense of transcendence-we are able t imagine states which we can never quite achieve. We have a desire to have a complete awareness of our incompleteness (Schaffer 66). ii. Unfinished-Seeking the Other half-we have to drive to discover otherness through poetry, literature, movies, etc profound desire to be in relation/community Philosophical & Religious Understandings-in complete (dream) Aristotle, long for innocence Augustine(Schaffer 66). 2. 3.Beliefs about right and wrong i. Believe you should do whatever gives you most amount of satisfaction and security. 4. Definition of Good i. Subjective Theory of Value Subjective theory of Value How I feel =not a matter of right or 5. Ideals and Virtues i. i. Justice-Evaluation of situations according to their merits, without prejudice, and giving each person his or her due(Ruggiero 102) ii. tranquility quality or state of being tranquilcalmnesspeacefulnessquietserenity iii. TempranceThe Greek philosopher Socrates considered temperance to be almost synonymous with self-mastery.The temperate person, he argued, is the one who exercises control over his or her desires and thereby escapes domination by them. Aristotle took a similar view, holding self-indulgence to be childish. For these philosophers, and for many of the ethicists that followed them, the hallmarks of temperance are moderation and restraint of ones desires and passions. (Ruggiero 112) iv. Prudence This virtue known also as practical wisdom, consists of choosing ones behavior judiciously by consulting experience and deliberating thoughtfully about what response is most appropriate.Prudence is the exact opposite of rashness and impulsiveness. (Ruggiero 111-112) 6. Obligations i. Obligations of friendshipFriendship entails mutual respect and a special interest in the others well being. It requires one to rejoice at the others success and good fortune and to share the pain of the others disappointment and failure. It also requires on to be trust-worthy about confidences, to provide emotional support when it is needed, and to restrain the urge to be critical in small matters. (Ruggiero 100) ii.Obligations of friendshipC itizenship obligates a person to promote the well-being of the country and fellow citizens by respecting and observing the law and respecting the legitimate initiatives of the countrys leaders, even if one disagrees with their political perspective. In a democracy, it also requires participation in the electoral process. When the country is unjustly attacked, it is also a citizens responsibility, conscience permitting, to support the countrys response and even, if one is young and healthy enough, to play an active role in the countrys defense. (Ruggiero 100) 7.Culpability/Consequence ii. i. Consenquencea conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) 8. Ethical influences i. Parents My parents have instilled a strong ethical foundation for life. Since I was little kid, they have taught the brilliance of kindness and honesty. ii. Coaches I have played sports my entire life and it has b een a major influence in shaping my character. Sports have helped keep me make grow and how to stay cool under pressure, and not letting my emotions control my actions.9. My customs i. Natural Law-(def) the view that there is an unchanging normative order that is a part of the natural world(Schaffer 83) ii. One way to provide criteria of judgment on major issues, examine natural law (in relation to overlord law) and human law to show the way in which they complement each other. (Schaffer 83) iii. Orders of Creation- (def) a hierarchy is given in creation which reveals obligation, responsibility and maintain criteria for morality (Schaffer 84) B. How I would address Child Labor i.I believe child labor is an unethical practice. It puts way too emotional distress and also physical injuries to be justified. The only positive I can see coming from child labor is the money that child would play in. Conclusion A. Child labor is not as pressing as an issue as it used to be but still adept around some parts in the world. I believe Bentham and Aristotle would both disapprove of child labor based on their idea that the sanctioned goal in life is too find happiness and fit your desires which labor does not serve.

The Theory of Social Contracts

The period of Enlighten pass offst ushered in an advance of intellectual development as well as theoretical fleshations on the concept of society. English political thinker Thomas Hobbes and French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau determine political treatises on the brass of mixer annunciations as a requisite of piece of music and eventually leads to the prep atomic number 18ment of an ideal g overnment. The paper allow for talk over first the concept of pieces genius according to both philosophers in regularise to determine the reason behind the art objectnikination of much(prenominal) contracts which will subsequently lead to the conception of governments and supremety.Hobbes proposes that adult male is fundamentally at war with otherwise men, actuate by personal desire and devotion of conclusion that inhibits the system of a stayful society. Rousseau however, contradicts Hobbes argument of patch as course at war but looks into a different accede wh erein military personnel possesses grace which enables the composition of ideal tellingships and eventually, social contracts. We look into Hobbess viewpoint in his treatise Leviathan and comp atomic number 18 and contrast several arguments with Rousseaus On The Origin of disparity and Social Contracts.Hobbes Natural Man and Covenants Hobbes political conjecture in Leviathan stipulates the formation of covenants as the final end of patchs actions, transgressing from his congenital recount wherein hu opus race is in constant war with himself and with others. First, we delimitate Hobbes argument on the cancel defer of man that provides the basis of conflict. In comparison with Rousseaus viewpoint, the dis military position of social contracts is reversed, wherein Rousseaus effect of social conventions is negative comp bed to Hobbes notion of contracts as a deviation from the erring state of human nature.Hobbes represents For all(prenominal) man look that his companion s hould shelter him at the same rate he sets upon himself, and upon all signs of contempt or undervaluing essentially endeavor to extort a greater value from his condemners. So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition morselly, diffidence thirdly, ring (Hobbes 84). The primitive state of man is bordered on Hobbes statement where every man is enemy to every man (Hobbes 85).Each individual is concentrate on the aspiration for personal gain, thus creating conflict or an disharmonious relationship because of completion (gain), diffidence (safety, self-preservation), and glory (reputation). The chaotic condition provided in Hobbes argument consequently inhibits the concept of justice in a grumpy social setting. Since man is incite by personal gain, the disquietude of death through self-preservation, and personal glory, there is no concept of rectify and slander or even justice. Where there is no normal forefinger, there is no law where no law, no injustice (Hobbes 85). Thus, we see Hobbes attempt to present his first law on mans inborn state that man, motivated by personal gain, sets himself in conflict with other men who pursue the same object. He and and then narrates the passions that incline men to stillness are fear of death desire of such things as are undeniable to commodious active and a hope by their manufacture to obtain them (Hobbes 86). fit to Hobbes, the natural law governing social relationships is motivated by the passions specifically, mans fear of death. Thus, the first natural law, in circumstance with the natural state, is that every man has innate rights or intimacy to will himself to self-preservation and that ace(a) can do anything to his body, even to another person. As long as this natural law exists, there can be no harmonious buildup of society.The second law then obligates man to fix peace or to achieve peace through any federal agency unavoidable and from here, m an is then get to set such tackle to all and that every right of man is necessary to be go or transferred in order to build peace since to maintain the second traffic pattern, man will be constantly at war. The renouncement of rights is essentially good in itself because it aspires for the majority rather than the self, governed by egotistical passions.However, such rights are not to be taken away by wedge or for an individual to force himself of withdrawing his own, since he cannot be understood to lead thereby at any good to himself (Hobbes 91). Renouncement of rights should be volunteer(prenominal) and by choice, in order to determine the goodness which will clear the majority. Thus, social contracts or covenants are formed. Hobbes argues that for a man to achieve peace, it is necessary to break away, through the tenets of reason, from the natural state wherein every individual is motivated by personal gain and fear of death.This fear motivates the individual, in relatio n to self-preservation, to create contracts with other men in order to achieve peace, wherein the value of life becomes the unifying factor for all thus creating peace and harmony. Covenants are then considered to be the arrangements that will benefit two parties aspiring for different objects. Justice then presents itself in the presence of covenants, for justice occurs when an individual performs or acts upon the agreement or covenant duration injustice is the failure to establish covenants which inadvertently places the individual in his former natural state.Hobbes definition of the natural state and the natural law focuses on the grandness of self-preservation or the fear of the death in relation to the individual. In contrast with Rousseau, the formation of contract is that of beneficial to man rather than Rousseaus argument that society itself that provides un same(p)ness and conflict. Contracts, through reason, necessitate a societal framework that is governed by the unut terable right of every man to survival and preservation of life.The Commonwealth. For Hobbes, the ideal form of government is the formation of the commonwealth which acts as the final cause, end or design of men (who naturally get it on liberty and dominion over others) in the introduction of that restraint upon themselves, in which we see them live in Commonwealths, is the foresight of their own preservation, and of a more contented life thereby (Hobbes 116). The formation of covenants, which fight a duty-bound notion to aspire for unruffled societal ensures, inevitably leads to its conception wherein the withdrawal of individual rights is penultimate toward its formation.Conventions coiffe the function as a mean toward the aspiration of the common power or will of the majority. Common power acts as a security measure against external attack or injuries that an individual may cause upon the other and is formed through the transcendence of personal right to a man or an assembl y Confer all their power and strength upon virtuoso man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their will, by plurality of their voice, unto one will which is as much to say, to appoint one man, or assembly of men, to bear their person (Hobbes 118).Every man should then willingly state I authorize and arrest up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition that thou give up thy right to him and authorize all his action in like manner (Hobbes 118). We take into context a mix between a democracy ( delegacy of the few) and monarchy (rule by a main(a)). However, Hobbes monarchy is not entirely absolute, ruled by the elite or loyalty rather Hobbes conception of monarchy focuses on the rule of a sovereign where powers are granted by the conventions of the majority.From such, the sovereign is then obligated to perform the powers bestowed upon the social covenants the sovereign itself being a representation of the ecumenic will of the people. The Commonwealth The sovereign, either instituted in one man or an assembly of men, is bestowed power of the withheld rights by society or force fields. As sovereign, its province lies on any action or authorization to look into the presence of duration of peace and to create any means necessary to protect individuals from others as well as to protect attacks from other societies.According to Hobbes, there are only three kinds of commonwealth and nothing else a democracy, monarchy, or aristocracy. Hobbes does not believe that no man aspires for a roiled and rocky society. However, Hobbes is partial toward a monarchial government, which, according to him, generally embodies the conventions made by man, and in essence, the nature of a commonwealth The riches power and celebrate of a monarch arise only from the riches, strength, and reputation of his subject.For no poof can be rich nor glorious, nor secure, whose subjects are either miserable, or contemptible, or too wea k through want, or dissension (Hobbes 130). Amor Propre and Civil family On the other put across, Jean-Jacques Rousseaus work Discourse on Inequality and Social Contract primarily present arguments against Hobbes definition on the natural state of man in contrast with social systems and conventions. Rousseau argues on the condition of the human soul as it progresses from its distinct natural form up until the pure state of man is transformed through social relationships or systems.First, he argues the physical differences of man, which in essence, does not ultimately provide a firm basis of contrariety I conceive that there are two kinds of inequality among the human species one which I call natural or physical, because it is established by nature, and consists in a difference of age, health, sensible strength, and the qualities of the mind or the soul and another, which may be called moral or political inequality, because it depends on a kind of convention. (Rousseau 1)Apart fr om physical differences, inequality falls under the moral or political sense. In the context of social structure, inequality lies on the ladder of power and wealth, wherein the notion of polite society is created by the rich in order to suppress the poor of wealth and maintain power among the elite few. In contrast with Hobbes, Rousseau presents a different view of mans natural state wherein man is savage in nature wherein ideas are generated by sense experience. hardly in opposition to regular animals, man has reason that establishes himself apart from common animals.The natural behavior of man is similar to that of Hobbes viewpoint but differs in motivation. According to Rousseau, the basic instinct of man is self-preservation, free will and compassion the last being the most principal(prenominal) part in mans natural state wherein Hobbes contends to mans natural war with the other. He contends Hobbes view of mans nature which compels him with the fear of death. However, Rousse au argues the intimacy of death and its terrors being one of the first acquisitions made by man in departing from an animal state (Rousseau 17).In contrast, Hobbes provides death as a motivator for withdrawing personal rights in order to achieve peace while Rousseau presents reason as a way of fighting the irrational passions that bear upon him out of his natural state. In addition, compassion is the important natural equity that contradicts selfish impulses or vices which come from the passions or irrational tendencies of man. Rousseau narrates that Hobbes definition of man does not provide himself with an idea of goodness, that man may be considered as evil.Rousseaus view presents man, in his primitive state, as essentially good, and possesses virtue. so many writers have hastily concluded that man is naturally cruel, and requires cultivated institutions to make him more mild whereas nothing is more gentle than man in his primitive state, as he is placed by nature at an equal distance from the stupidity of brutes (Rousseau 47). Compassion is the most important aspect of man, along with innate desires of preservation, reason and free will. It is this compassion that hurries us without consideration to the relief of those who are in distress it is this which in a state of nature supplies the place of laws, morals, and virtue, with the advantage that none are tempted to disobey its gentle voice (Rousseau 31). Compassion generates interaction with other men and the natural instinct of self-preservation, as times continue to progress, enables the individual to improve living conditions. Thus, the combination of compassion, reason, self-preservation enables the individual to form conventions with other men.However, the problem lies with the development of matter propre, the subsequent regularity of conventions where mans reason is garbled to a false sense of dependency on the individuals through improvement of self-perception and getting favor. The natural , non-invasive self-love is transformed to a more self-centered and jealous love of others. Man essential now, wherefore, have been perpetually employed in getting others to interest themselves in his lot and in making them, apparently at least, if not really, find their advantage in promoting his own (Rousseau 51).This corrosive notion of self-love produces competition, comparison with others, hatred, and the continuous search of ambition and power In a word, there arose rivalry and competition on the one hand and conflicting interests on the other, together with a secret desire on both profiting at the expense of others (Rousseau 51). The Social Contract Thus, Rousseau defines mans state of nature as it develops amour propre. To deviate from the natural state, the formation of social contract is evident in order to rid of the evils pertaining gracious society.According to Rousseau, the conception of social contracts delimits the individual from inequality and therefore frees hi mself from the accouterments of social classification. The procedure of the contract is to establish a body that will inadvertently defend the rights of the individual and the right of society as a while. Similar to that of Hobbes notion, social contracts are meant to deviate the condition of human nature from its amoral/evil sense in order to create society focused on peace.The social contract, in Rousseaus perspective, is founded on the presence of the general will Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and in our bodied capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the unharmed (Rousseau Social Contract, 59). The general will is the summation of all opinions of the majority, which in troll acts as an abstract form that aims toward the good of all. Rousseau as well as posits the idea of a sovereign which acts a representative of the people.The people however, in Rousseaus form of government, are no t represented by senators or magistrates but represent themselves as a symbol of the general will. Sovereign Similarities Both philosophers argue on the importance of social contracts in establishing relationships with people in order to construct an acceptable and peaceful social framework. Both stress the importance of the natural law of man to deviate himself from his primary state and is obligated to create a world without indifference and conflict through commonplaceness of opinions and desire.The difference lies on both philosophers account of mans nature, wherein Hobbes argues that man is essentially evil and it is through civil relationship that man refines himself and achieves peace. Rousseau contradicts Hobbes arguments that he had failed to include compassion as a virtue in mans natural state. Rousseau opines negatively toward civil societies, that conventions itself ruin mans natural state through social classification and levels of power. Instead, Rousseau posits man a s a docile creature until society corrupts his natural state.On the subject of contracts, both thinkers apply the same rule for the formation of social agreement as majority of society transfers its rights toward a sovereign that which governs and protects them. However, Hobbes is partial toward a monarchial government wherein it is suited with the embodiment of his covenants while Rousseau proposes the same powers for a sovereign but also adds the presence of the government to mitigate the function of the sovereign who acts as the representation of the general will while the government attends to position or private wills.Smiths Theory of Moral Sentiments economic theorist Adam Smith proposes on his treatise Theory of Moral Sentiments the formation of a consciousness in the perspective of a leader, or in Rousseaus/Hobbes context, a sovereign, in order to determine, apart from proper behavior, the rules and regulations that one must impose upon the subjects of society. Smith narra tes We suppose ourselves the spectators of our own behavior, and to endeavor to work out what effect it would, in this light produce upon us (Smith 112).In context of a sovereign, it is essential, according to Smith, to examine actions and decisions through a detached position wherein the leader supposes himself to be a common citizen that according to theory, provides the power and responsibility of governance. Thus, rules imposed upon the subjects of sovereignty should be taken into proper consideration by the sovereign, so as to measure the worth and value of behavior reflection upon society, according to Smith.For example, a rulers ethical behavior is interdependent on the laws in which he imposes over the ruled. Harsh policies that generally single out society imply that the ruler may be arrogant and selfish and therefore does not suit the position. Lenient policies on the other hand may imply a carefree attitude with the lack of earnestness that a good leader must possess.T hus, rules and impositions should situate itself in the pump rather than the extreme and through Smiths propositions, the leader must then view rules as an ordinary citizen. In relation to Hobbes and Rousseaus social theories, the concept of the sovereign is created by the people and represents the general will. Therefore, there is an implication of a natural balance of power between the governed and the sovereign.In Hobbes view, the sovereigns duty is dictated or authored by the subjects and therefore cannot harm the governed whether through abuse or dereliction of duty rather, the formation of laws and policies are in relation toward the fulfillment of the commonwealths purpose that is, the preservation of peace. However, Hobbes monarchial standpoint does not entirely agree with Smiths proposition since the monarch, utilizing the commonwealths purpose, has the power of censorship on speech, effect or any other form of expression that may touch the peaceful status quo.Thus, Smi ths proposal cannot be use with Hobbess notion of government. However, Rousseau takes into consideration the general will of the populace that also gives right and power to the sovereign. But Rousseau does not imply the purpose of peace in his government rather, he focuses on the general will as given power. The sovereign has then the duty to make sure that laws do not violate the freedom of every individual for it is they who had created power in the first place.

Learning Styles and Strategies Essay

* Active learners extend to detain and visit schooling best by doing both(prenominal)thing active with itdiscussing or applying it or rationaliseing it to others. Reflective learners pick disclose to think about it quietly first. * lets try it out and instruct how it travels is an active learners phrase Lets think it through first is the meditative learners response. * Active learners tend to like group work more(prenominal) than pondering learners, who pick working al one(a). * Sitting through point outs without slangting to do some(prenominal)thing physiologic alone take notes is hard for both learning types, but especially hard for active learners. Everybody is active some eons and reflective sometimes. Your preference for one category or the other whitethorn be strong, moderate, or mild. A balance of the two is desirable. If you always act before reflecting you goat set off into things prematurely and get into trouble, while if you spend too more time refl ecting you whitethorn neer get anything done.How support active learners help themselves?If you be an active learner in a class that allows little or no class time for discussion or problem-solving activities, you should try to redress for these lacks when you study. Study in a group in which the members take turns explaining antithetic topics to each other. Work with others to guess what you will be asked on the neighboring test and figure out how you will answer. You will always retain knowledge better if you find ways to do something with it.How can reflective learners help themselves?If you ar a reflective learner in a class that allows little or no class time for mentation about new information, you should try to compensate for this lack when you study. Dont simply realise or memorize the material stop periodically to review what you look at read and to think of possible questions or applications. You skill find it helpful to write short summaries of readings or cl ass notes in your own manner of speaking. Doing so whitethorn take extra time but will enable you to retain the material more tellingly.SENSING AND transcendent LEARNERS* Sensing learners tend to like learning facts original learners often prefer discovering possibilities and relationships. * Sensors often like solving problems by well-established methods and dislike complications and surprises intuitors like debut and dislike repetition. Sensors be more likely than intuitors to resent being tried on material that has not been explicitly covered in class. * Sensors tend to be patient with details and good at memorizing facts and doing hands-on (laboratory) work intuitors may be better at grasping new c at one timepts and are often more comfortable than sensors with abstractions and mathematical formulations. * Sensors tend to be more practical and careful than intuitors intuitors tend to work faster and to be more innovative than sensors.* Sensors dont like bleeds that have no homely connection to the real world intuitors dont like plug-and-chug courses that bear on a lot of memorization and routine calculations. Everybody is sensing sometimes and intuitive sometimes. Your preference for one or the other may be strong, moderate, or mild. To be effective as a learner and problem solver, you destiny to be able to function both ways. If you overemphasize intuition, you may discharge important details or make reckless mistakes in calculations or hands-on work if you overemphasize sensing, you may rely too much on memorization and familiar methods and not concentrate enough on understanding and innovative thinking.How can sensing learners help themselves?Sensors remember and understand information best if they can see how it connects to the real world. If you are in a class where most of the material is abstract and theoretical, you may have encumbrance. contend your teacher for specific examples of concepts and procedures, and find out how the conc epts apply in practice. If the teacher does not provide enough specifics, try to find some in your course text or other references or by brainstorming with friends or classmates.How can intuitive learners help themselves? many a(prenominal) college scold classes are aimed at intuitors. However, if you are an intuitor and you happen to be in a class that deals primarily with memorization and rote substitution in formulas, you may have trouble with boredom. Ask your instructor for interpretations or theories that link the facts, or try to find the connections yourself. You may also be prone to careless mistakes on test because you are impatient with details and dont like repetition (as in checking your completed solutions). Take time to read the entire question before you start answering and be incontestable to check your resultsVISUAL AND VERBAL LEARNERSVisual learners remember best what they see epitomes, diagrams, flow charts, time lines, films, and demonstrations. Verbal learner s get more out of wordswritten and spoken explanations. Everyone learns more when information is presented both visually and verbally. In most college classes very little visual information is presented students mainly hear to lectures and read material written on chalkboards and in textbooks and handouts. Unfortunately, most race are visual learners this means that most students do not get nearly as much as they would if more visual introduction were used in class. Good learners are capable of processing information presented either visually or verbally. How can visual learners help themselves?If you are a visual learner, try to find diagrams, sketches, schematics, photographs, flow charts, or any other visual representation of course material that is predominantly verbal. Ask your instructor, consult reference books, and see if any videotapes or CD-ROM displays of the course material are available. Prepare a concept map by listing key points, enclosing them in boxes or circles, and drawing lines with arrows amid concepts to show connections. Color-code your notes with a highlighter so that boththing relating to one topic is the same color. How can verbal learners help themselves?Write summaries or outlines of course material in your own words. Working in groups can be particularly effective you contact understanding of material by hearing classmates explanations and you learn stock-still more when you do the explaining.SEQUENTIAL AND GLOBAL LEARNERS* Sequential learners tend to gain understanding in linear stairs, with each step following logically from the previous one. Global learners tend to learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly get it. * Sequential learners tend to follow logical stepwise paths in determination solutions globular learners may be able to solve complex problems speedily or put things together in novel ways once they have grasped the big picture, but they may have d ifficulty explaining how they did it. Many people who read this description may conclude incorrectly that they are worldwide, since everyone has experienced bewilderment followed by a sudden flash of understanding.What makes you global or not is what happens before the light bulb goes on. Sequential learners may not fully understand the material but they can unless do something with it (like solve the homework problems or pass the test) since the pieces they have absent-minded are logically connected. Strongly global learners who lack good in series(p) thinking abilities, on the other hand, may have serious difficulties until they have the big picture. Even after they have it, they may be woolly-headed about the details of the overpower, while sequential learners may know a lot about specific aspects of a subject but may have trouble relating them to several(predicate) aspects of the same subject or to different subjects.How can sequential learners help themselves?Most colleg e courses are taught in a sequential manner. However, if you are a sequential learner and you have an instructor who jumps around from topic to topic or skips steps, you may have difficulty following and remembering. Ask the instructor to get in the skipped steps, or fill them in yourself by consulting references. When you are studying, take the time to outline the lecture material for yourself in logical order. In the long run doing so will surrender you time. You might also try to strengthen your global thinking skills by relating each new topic you study to things you already know. The more you can do so, the deeper your understanding of the topic is likely to be.How can global learners help themselves?If you are a global learner, it can be helpful for you to realize that you need the big picture of a subject before you can master details. If your instructor plunges directly into new topics without bothering to explain how they relate to what you already know, it can cause prob lems for you. Fortunately, there are steps you can take that may help you get the big picture more rapidly. Before you begin to study the first section of a chapter in a text, skim through the entire chapter to get an overview.Doing so may be time-consuming initially but it may save you from going over and over individual parts later. Instead of expenditure a short time on every subject every night, you might find it more productive to immerse yourself in individual subjects for large blocks. Try to relate the subject to things you already know, either by asking the instructor to help you see connections or by consulting references. supra all, dont lose faith in yourself you will in conclusion understand the new material, and once you do your understanding of how it connects to other topics and disciplines may enable you to apply it in ways that most sequential thinkers would never dream of.

Extracurricular activities Essay

People may say that extramarital activities are a waste of time for everyone but thats non the case, since extracurricular activities help with getting turnction, working on decoct, and actment. I conceptualize its in everyones best interest to let students do extracurricular activities since it forget help their students tremendously. Although sports or clubs might not be for everyone it doesnt mean it shouldnt be there because it could be in force(p) for others. unity of the main struggles with not just students but people in general is fitness. Practice is key if you ever want to get conk out at sports and its the same with school. For students practice gets them in a stronger and fit condition. Without practice you basint be your best and get fit. Sports besides include lifting weights, since sports want students to get as fit as thinkable and set up lifting days. Coaches are whatsoever of the most enthusiastic people. Coaches not only encourage training and working hard but they go away to a fault help without hesitation if you are struggling and need help. each student has at least a little problem with focus. centralise is gained with hard work and practice, which is easy to obtain in sports because it is used so frequently. If you dont focus in sports you will miss the magnetise or a play. Sports render so many plays and techniques that without focus you will ever look into them. Focus is in sports just like it is in school. Students are more likely to learn focus in something fun like sports than something more boring like school. Sports also teach students to focus on the details which are important in things like tests and projects.One of the other problems with kids these days is they cant manage their lives. Many students cant manage their time properly but with clubs and sports they can learn to set times to do homework, study, and etc. students also have to manage their time so they can make it to practice and club meetings. St udents also have a rough time managing homework. Without the discipline of sports or some clubs, students will just slack off. Clubs also teach students school onward all else, plus without good grades you will be kicked off the team. most(prenominal) students have short attention spans and bad work ethics since students have an attention span of around 8 seconds. Sports teams and clubs want you to stay on the team so they are willing to help.

Microsoft Corporation Case Analysis Essay

intentness EvaluationSoftwargon is an integral part of todays obscure economy, as the push for big(p)er globalization and efficiency drives more of the expending in calling food marts around the reality. In order to maintain a competitive edge in an increasingly competitive global mart, companies ar spending more(prenominal) than and more on hardw be and softw ar infrastructures (YahooFinance, 2006).Microsoft is among 413 companies that expose and distribute finishing bundle w ars and run. These companies argon all part of the operation softw are program application within the applied science sector, which is dominated by peer little software giant Microsoft. More specifically, Microsoft is categorized into the Developmental Tools, Operating Systems, and rectifyment Software sub effort, which entangles companies that design, develop, market, and suffer software for developing, testing, and debugging applications for calculating machine maintenance and for de sktop centering (Ho everywheres.com, 2006).Microsoft, Oracle Corp, CA Inc., and SAP Aktiengesellschaft, with a four-firm concentration ratio of 39% dominate the industry. Most of the opposite 411 firms in the industry specialize in smaller niches, providing narrow down software services such(prenominal) as accounting, business management, etcetera, and pretend winningss under $1 jillion per course of instruction. For this reason, the computer application industry has monopolistic competition (MSN Money, 2006).The top-merchandising software comp some(prenominal) is currently Microsoft, with $41.4 gazillion in realise gross tax in 2005, and is joined in the competitive sports stadium by other top sellers such as Oracle Corp. with $12.9 meg and SAP Aktiengesellschaft with $10.4 cardinal. Other industry leaders in sales accommodate CA Inc., Intuit Inc., Adobe Systems Inc., B.M.C. Software, Compuware Corp., and Novell Inc., each experiencing revenues exceeding $1 cardi nal during 2005. Within the Developmental Tools, Operating Systems, and Utility Software subindustry, top competitors let in Microsoft, International business Machines (IBM), SAP Aktiengesellschaft, and Computer Associates International, who ranked a single jump, fleck, third, and fourth in application software sales (YahooFinance, 2006).The Computer Software industry is outsizedly dominated by Microsoft, which commands 54% of market sales among its top ten competitors, as listed above. The fol measlyer-rankinging chart details the market share of these ten main players in the industry (YahooFinance, 2006)Within the healthful-grounded environment, the software industry has been shaken by several recent regulations that are revitalizing industries within the business market of the United States. Among them are the US Patriot Act, which dictates that companies providing financial services must switch the ability to obtain the occurrence of money laundering the Sarbanes-O xley Act, which mandates that companies tin real-time disclosure of events that cleverness affect their financial performance and deep records of e-mail and instant messages deviate between employees (YahooFinance, 2006). Finally, antitrust laws have been an ongoing terror to the industry. Microsoft has lowestly reached a settlement after an ongoing antitrust investigation, and agreed to allow manufacturers to admit competing software with Windows and uniformly license its direct systems (Antitrust Case Filings, 2006).New technical gains are revitalizing the software industry. The most recent and square development implys a new set of mesh-friendly applications that, as of yet, has no official name. These meshing services can be assembled from standardized expression blocks, meaning that any outcome of applications may be assembled in a variety of government agencys. Beca affair of this, companies are able to develop initiative applications to run on a big range o f software and hardware infrastructures and cater to the specific demands of their respective market segments. The companies that volition maintain market share in the up-and-coming web era are those that are able to develop products that deliver the goods be harmonious on a wide range of hardware platforms. wide consolidations have recently constitute characteristic of the software industry. Largely give inable to acquisitions, IBMs software holdings have grown a great deal. handsome specialists companies face the greatest danger from adult software providers such as Oracle, who recently acquired PeopleSoft and Siebel for $10.3 and $5.9 billion, respectively. If yield slows in their subindustries, these small companies who cater to specific niches be travel along vulnerable to large companies offering extensive conciliatees of enterprise applications that serve a variety of functions such as the industry leaders (YahooFinance, 2006).Following suit after other mature indu stries such as electronics and apparel, a large number of IT and software providers have begun outsourcing much of their manufacturing and R&D functions to countries outside of the United States. Software companies are now able to ingest manufacturers and product developers in countries such as India, Mexico, and China for much less than it would cost in the U.S. (MSN Money, 2006)The tragedy of the September 11 terrorist attacks as well as other post 9/11 attacks prompted another(prenominal) significant trend in the software industry when the United States government cranked tear on hostage. By restructuring their communication systems, they lighted a door to desire software providers who began to provide new, more secure applications to governmental departments and agencies (YahooFinance, 2006)A final trend reflects the popularity of Linux and other capable-source code operating systems. While the Linux operating system is probably the most widely known and widely ut ilise open source code, the idea of open source is gaining momentum and popularity. Companies that provide their products for a nominal subscription fee and generate income based on nurture and support services have adopted the open source idea as a counter-intuitive business model, with which they counter the more traditional selling of products for profit model (Hill and Jones, 2005).Once online collaboration and word processing applications are fully developed and grow in usage and popularity, the seekers predict that the software industry leave see a rise in sales of those kinds of products, and possibly a decline in the sale of PC compatible product that serve the same types of functions. The reason for this is that once these tools are available, consumers will realize that they may access and edit their documents or projects from any computer or PDA with internet access, without having to worry well-nigh being on the specific machine or machines that contain the documen ts they need.Currently, almost all delectationrs of open source software are computer-savvy programming professionals. In the future however, more consumers will use this type of software for business and personal use. This is forecasted by a growing number of applications developed from open source codes such as Linux, as well as increasing popularity of these programs. If this comes to pass, then Linux and other open source applications and operating systems may accumulate market share, frankincense depriving it from Microsoft and Oracle.Strategic EvaluationMicrosoft supports a number of set that translate into goals that the lodge strives to attain. These goals include doing business with honesty and integrity to have passion for customers, partners, and technology to be open and respectful, to take on big challenges and see by means of them constructive self-criticism, self- purifyment, and personal excellence to help foster growth and innovation, and to be accountable to customers, shareholders, partners, and employees for commitments, results, and quality. These goals, however, are immeasurable, intangible, and unspecific. at that place is no timeline for achieving them, and no way to tally whether or not they have been acheived.There are, however, more specific goals that the confederation hopes to attain that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and tangible. Goals for the future include making technology available to one quarter of a billion volume by 2010. another(prenominal) goal is to fuse together Windows development and Web development to en liberal Windows applications (Stu, 2003).By doing this, Microsoft may be able to convince consumes to use the rich application features of Windows. Another goal is to unify the disparate Windows communications and enterprise technologies into a common and simple framework that is competitive with Java go-ahead Edition. Microsoft needs to provide an resource to this model unless it wishs to see Java proceed its lock on the boniface software market. This goal is consistant with Microsofts woo of taking the lead in developing a new computer science standard. (Microsoft, 2006)The mission financial statement of Microsoft Corporation isAt Microsoft, we work to help people and businesses by means ofout the world realize their full capableness. This is our mission. Everything we do reflects this mission and the values that accommodate it potential.- Microsoft, 2006The mission statement is clear in representing Microsoft as sacred in providing the best products to help its customers achieve and realize their full electromotive force. The mission statement is strong, and is very personable by saying At Microsoft, and repeating that this is Microsofts mission statement. The statement repeats itself in the third sentence, saying, everything we do reflects helping everyone in the world understand his or her full potential. Using words to repeat parts of the mission statement makes it bolder to the reader.The statement is broad enough to allow the fraternity to expand into unfamiliar markets or businesses, or both. However, it is narrow enough that it focuses the high gear society on aiding people in reaching their fullest potential. By adhering to this mission statement, employees at Microsoft look to the customers, not the shareholders, as the reason the company live ons. It is clear to express that the company does not exist solely to make a profits or please shareholders. It reflects the lust of the management at Microsoft to make a difference in the world and help those who wish to success do so.Functional Review market abridgmentMicrosoft focuses on the development of software, which includes products such as Office, Project, Visio, FoxPro, and more. The software packages adjutant bird in the creation of business documents, databases, and projects, as well as helps consumers manage their day-to-day lives.Microsoft has seve n different product divisions invitee, Server and Tools, Information prole, Microsoft crinkle Solution, MSN, Mobile and Embedded Devices, and Home and Entertainment (Microsoft, 2006). The Client segment has state for engineering, product delivery, and technical architecture for the Windows product family. It in addition handles Microsofts relationships with personal computer manufacturers, including multinational and regional original equipment manufacturer accounts (SEC, 2006). Server and Tools is responsible for the server system products and all related services. These services include providing advice for requirements postulate for the system to operate properly, custom solution services, and business application provision for the operating systems.Information Worker involves licensing software to several types of users such as small to large corporations, homes, and specialized categories like students. This division releases a study change in software every twai n to three old age. Microsoft Business Solutions deals primarily with developing and marketing offerings to manage financial, customer relationship and hand over chain management functions for small and midsize businesses, large organizations and divisions of global enterprises. MSN is accountable for delivering online services that look to empower users by bringing them to the people and information that military issue most. The Mobile and Embedded Devices section is responsible for the marketing and development of products that volunteer the advantages of the Windows platform to many types of devices. The Home and Entertainment segment is in blame of production, development, and marketing for the Xbox video gaming system (SEC, 2006).Another way Microsoft is go along to broaden their customer base is by establishing itself into the gaming industry. An drill of this is the ripe Xbox 360 Microsoft launched during the 2005 Christmas season. Microsoft has begun to explore new m arkets, like television, with the rising success of the Xbox 360 and the changing demographics. Microsoft realizes that demographics are changing to a younger generation and efforts must be make to accommodate their needs as well. (Wikipedia, 2006)In the gone, Microsofts target market has been men of the ages of eighteen done thirty-four. The company is currently expanding the market it targets by experimenting with two methods of reaching the seventeen and younger age group. The first is through the gaming industry, with the release of the Xbox gaming system. The company is also developing a television institute to reach this age group (Goo, 2006). Another dodge Microsoft is pursuing involves meeting its global clientele where they are in harm of their economic and financial needs (Evers, 2006). These changes in strategy and products reflect Microsofts goal of expanding its target market. While thither is risk involved with these changes, there is also the potential for re turns above a normal profit.Another way Microsoft is continuing to broaden their customer base is by establishing itself into the gaming industry. An example of this is the innovative Xbox 360 Microsoft launched during the 2005 Christmas season. Microsoft has begun to explore new markets, like television, with the rising success of the Xbox 360 and the changing demographics. Microsoft realizes that demographics are changing to a younger generation and efforts must be made to accommodate their needs as well. (Wikipedia, 2006)Microsoft has established a forepart in the international market. The headquarters, including most of the research and development centers, is located in Redmond, Washington. The company has several manufacturing facilities to meet fork over needs on a global scale. These facilities are located in various places such as Dublin, Ireland, Humacao, Puerto Rico, Reno, Nevada and Singapore just to name a some locations. Microsoft currently employees 40,081 in North America and 63,564 world-wide to help them meet growing demand for their products (Microsoft, 2006).Microsoft uses a wide variety of media to influence the demand of their products. Traditional types of advertising are use for global cases including television, print, and Internet (Microsoft.com, 2006). The company uses computer magazines to compare companies or products such as the case of Linux versus Microsoft. Microsofts goal is to reach a certain target market. In addition, Microsoft is implementing a new advertising defend using the Internet in competition with Yahoo and Google. In the campaign, customers will be asked to fill out a survey from there the data will be used to display personal ads of interest to the consumer. If a consumer chooses not to fill out the survey the company will provide them with general ads that are generated from the search. The goal in the long-run is to learn the customers want and needs for future purchases (Oser, 2006).The manufacturing func tion for most of Microsofts products is outsourced. A trafficker supplies the parts needed to assemble the Xbox gaming system. This outsourcing strategy can be a drawback on two counts. Firstly, Microsoft relinquishes some control of the pricing of this product be shell it cannot control the manufacturing costs. Secondly, there is a threat of the manufacturer leaking product association to Microsofts competitors. At the same time however, Microsoft has no legal pledge to the manufacturer, and can manufacture these products internally. Microsoft employs several vendors to supply parts that Microsoft manufactures. These components are purchased at a discount rate, and Microsoft keeps excess take rake in stock in case of shortages (Microsoft, 2006).The company has decided to do an 18 month campaign to advertise the differences between Microsoft and Linux giving the benefits of using our products. Some advantages to Microsofts products include being user-friendly software and appli cations, as well as having a strong news report in that area. Therefore, the cost would be greater to retrained employee how to use Linux software in the business industry for server application use.In dealing with more recent security issues, Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) has a code-flaw in the browser that makes it vulnerable to hackers. This flaw can allow hackers to taint a system with various code-scripts, which puts the system under attack. To have security issues associated with the companys name can produce a spoiled reputation. Microsofts goals are to have compassion for customers, for partners, and technology. The company wants to train and make technology available to a quarter of the billion people in the world by 2010. In addition, Microsoft tapes passion towards customers by offering specialized advertisements to expose the varied selection of products to the consumer. Another goal is to exhibit openness and respectfulness, which will gain a huge amount of respe ct from the consumer.This is achieved by receiving feedback from our employees, government agencies, and community leaders which will lead to mend Microsofts business. Microsoft is staying on task of taking on large challenges by endeavoring to change their demographics of customers. In addition, the company takes constructive criticism, and uses this as a way to improve criticism in forms of comments and suggestions. Microsoft will accomplish this task through research and development and feedback. Other goals are to give personal excellence, and have duty to customers, shareholders, partners, and employees for commitments, results, and quality. These achievable tasks would help Microsoft stay in the business for course of instructions to come (Microsoft, 2006).Production AnalysisMicrosoft alters its products to me needs of its global customers. The company translates the text and changes the fashion of its applications to make them understandable in that language. This is one reason Microsoft has a reputation for being developing user-friendly applications for its consumers. Other tasks the company is involved with include processing orders, payment options, processing needed information, and supplier management (Microsoft.com, 2006). These tasks are essential to maintaining good relations with Microsofts customers and suppliers. In addition, these tasks make it possible to make necessary changes when there are problems in distribution or manufacturing of Microsofts software.Microsoft outsources all of its manufacturing function except for a few, including the assemblage of the Xbox 360. A vendor supplies the needed parts for this product. This action can be a drawback because it limits Microsoft in its ability to control pricing aspects of this product. There is also the threat that suppliers will share the knowledge of this product with Microsofts competitors. Although this is a threat, Microsoft is under the no legal obligation to continue working with that supplier. Several vendors supply parts for all other products Microsoft assembles. Components for these products are purchased at a discount. Microsoft keeps an inventory of spare parts on hand if needed (Microsoft, 2006).Management AnalysisBill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft in 1975, and in a few social classs, they expanded to Bellevue, Washington from Albuquerque, New Mexico. From there, Microsoft began creating and developing new and revolutionary technology. In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer with Microsofts 16-bit operating system, MS-DOS 1.0 (Microsoft, 2006). Because of its quality, this operating system became popular. Microsofts stock went public. Over the following twenty familys, Microsoft created more technical and varied operating systems such as Windows 95, 98, and the current Windows XP.This success has lead to intercontinental expansion creating thousands of supposes. Microsoft is the worlds largest software company with over 50,000 employees in various countries as of May 2004 (Microsoft, 2006). Microsoft has become a needed pot of the personal computing market in which many PC retailers have sold their machines pre-equipped with Microsofts software.Because of its large and substantial business, Microsoft was found to be a monopoly among computer software and because of this, Microsoft has experience financial success. In 1998, a guinea pig found that Microsoft was using its monopoly power to defeat its competitors (Reference.com, 2006). Microsoft appealed and showed how changing their companys operations would bring the financial success down increasingly.A mount of directors, who play a major role in decision-making and many basics of the company, run Microsoft. The Chief Executive Officer is Steven Ballmer who joined with Microsoft in 1980 and was the first business manager hired by Bill Gates (Microsoft, 2006). In 1998, Ballmer was ap draw a bead oned President and this gave him full responsibili ty for running the corporation. 2 course of studys later, he became CEO (in 2000) and this gave him full privilege over all the managers and mental faculty of Microsoft.Following Ballmer is James I. Cash, Jr, Dina Dublon, Bill Gates, Raymond V. Gilmartin, Ann McLaughlin Korologos, David F. Margaurdt, Charles H. Noski, Helmut Panke and Jon A. Shirley. A lot of talent and attainment is required to work in any position at Microsoft. They seek out motivated individuals who are experienced in communications and leadership. The single-valued function for finding such trained individuals is to lower training costs of the company.The incorporated Operations is Microsofts backbone, constructing, managing, and running the various services that support the companys 50,000 employees (Microsoft, 2006). This statement shows that Microsoft is dependent on two sections of their management staff the corporate and administrative services. These departments are responsible for management, public relations, providing company-wide administrative support, building new office space, and other tasks.Financial AnalysisMicrosoft Corporation has achieved excellence in since 1975 in the application software industry. They finished the 2005 pecuniary form with a market capitalization of $288.20 billion, doubling the closest competitor, IBM which came in second in market capitalization with $131.00 billion, and an industry mediocre of a low $136.51 gazillion (Hoovers, 2006).Microsoft Corporation has been enjoying a steady growth in revenue over the past three pecuniary years. This has been achieved with the growing popularity of PC use in the world over this time period. Microsofts preliminary estimates showed a growth of worldwide PC shipments from 11% to 13%, and wide server hardware shipments grew approximately 13% to 14% during the 2005 monetary year compared to financial year 2004 (Yahoo Finance). This has caused a growth in revenue of 8% from $36,835 trillion to $39,78 8 jillion from financial year 2004 to 2005 (U.S. SEC).This revenue growth was driven by growth in licensing of Windows Server operating systems and other server application, licensing of Windows Client operating systems through OEMs, and cast upd licensing of Office and other Information Worker products (Yahoo Finance). The 2004 fiscal year ended with an overall growth of $4,648 billion from the front fiscal year 2003, an increment of over 12%. Over the past five years, Microsoft Corporation has generated revenue of over $162 billion. This is an addition of 73% and about $75 billion of this is derived from net silver flow from operations. Shareholders received a return of $69 billion of this revenue in dividends and stock repurchases. With the ledger entry of the Xbox 360, Windows Vista, and newer versions of existing software in 2006 fiscal year, Microsoft expects to have an equal or larger increase of the past five years in the next five years (Microsoft, 2006). wampum income for the fiscal year 2005 was $12,254 which is an increase of $4,086 cardinal from the 2004 fiscal year. This is due to small abates in operating expenses from the previous year with emphasis on research and development, a cliff of over $1.5 billion. Although change magnitude in fiscal year 2005, a large jump in expenses occurred from fiscal year 2003 to 2004. Microsoft increased their keep down operating expenses by $5,159 million to $27,801 million in fiscal year 2004. Although decreasing expenses worked for the fiscal year 2005, decreases in research and development in the future superpower cause the industry to get the edge on Microsoft and revenues decrease (Microsoft, 2006).Operating income has also increased substantially during these two fiscal years with a total increase of 61%. Although it had a 5% decline from fiscal year 2003 to fiscal year 2004, operating income jumped from a marginal $9,034 million in 2004 to an excellent $14,561 million in fiscal year end ing 2005 (U.S. SEC). correspond to Yahoo Finance, the operating income increase for fiscal year 2005 was driven by a decline in stock-based compensation expense increased revenue in Server and Tools, Client, and Information Worker and a reduction in legal costs associated with major litigation.Some key ratios will point out Microsofts position in accordance to the industry. Holding a total debt to equity ratio of 0.00, compared to 0.03 of the industry, Microsoft has showed that they have successfully controlled their pluss without any debt, date back as far as fiscal year 1996. The total debt to total asset ratio also confirms these successes with a low 0.33. This has a great statistic from an investor or shareholders eyes because there is potential for a noble payout. Microsoft has a current ratio of 2.8, compared to the industries average of 2.3.This shows us that Microsoft can pay off any debt that may occur, and can continue operating with property left over. The quick rati o is currently at 2.5 with an industry average of 2.1. Because this number is so close in comparison with the current ratio, this tells us that Microsoft is not dependent on their inventory. These three financial ratios show us that Microsoft Corporation is achieving excellence in comparison to the industry (MSN, 2006). twain the gross profit margin and the net profit margin percentages will show us the financial health of the company. Microsoft Corporations net profit margin is over 7% high(prenominal)(prenominal) that the industries average, at 30.8% compared to 23.5%. This tells us that 31.6% of the companys revenue can be kept as profit. fiscal year 2005 is an increase of 8.6% from fiscal year 2004 and a small decrease of 0.2% from fiscal year 2003. Their gross profit margin is 87.3%, compared to 82.6% of the industries average. Although the industries average of these two ratios is healthy as well, Microsoft still holds better percentages (MSN, 2006).The companys worth ra tios will show some different trends in comparison to the industry from the other ratios presented. Although the earnings per share (EPS) are currently much higher than the industry average and the previous year, it is lower than some of the direct competitors. The EPS in the fiscal year 2005 was 1.13, which is considerably higher than the industries average of 0.15. This is not a bad ratio if you own share in the company, but two of the closest competitors is producing a much higher rate Googles EPS is at 5.021 and IBMs is at 4.875.Although this might turn some investors away, poem have been improving over the past three years. Fiscal year 2003 had an EPS of solo $0.70 but increased to $0.76 in fiscal year 2004. The large increase came in fiscal year 2005 when EPS increased almost $0.40 to $1.13. With the latest innovations Microsoft has developed, these numbers will increase as investors see the future of Microsoft. Microsoft price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is more attractive than EPS with a ratio of 22.9. Although conservative investors may feel this number is too high, this ratio is much better than the industry average of 27.3 which might influence these investors to invest in Microsoft instead of the direct competitors (MSN, 2006).Management posture ratios like return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) will show us how well the management at Microsoft Corporation is doing. With an ROA of 19.4%, over 5% higher than the industry average of 13.9%, Microsoft is very profitable in relation to the total assets of the company. This is a substantial increase from 8.8% and 12.6% in fiscal year 2004 and 2003 respectively. The profit per dollar, or ROE of Microsoft, is 29.5%. This is close to 7% higher than the industry average of 22.6% and 18.6% than fiscal year 2004. This shows that Microsoft Corporation is achieving a higher profit from their investors per dollar in comparison to the industries. Although there was a large increase from fiscal year 2 004 to 2005, a decrease of 5.5% occurred between fiscal year 2003 and 2004 (MSN, 2006).The efficiency of the company is struggling in comparison to the industry in one way, inventory derangement. The inventory dollar volume is currently much lower than the industries. With a low 8.1 compared to 28.4 of the industry average, Microsofts inventory turnover might indicate poor sales. Both Microsoft and the industry average of asset turnover are 0.6, indicating that 0.6 of every dollar is revenue. Microsoft is doing a better job than the industry in comparing the accounts receivable turnover, but not a significant amount. The accounts receivable turnover is at 5.7 with an industry average of 5.2. Both Microsoft and the industry are collecting payments from its customers in a timely manner. They are, however, significantly behind S&P 500 which has an accounts receivable turnover ratio of 7.5 (MSN, 2006).A thorough research of silver flows will show the company heading in the right direction. Net operating, investing, and financing cash flows all increased from the fiscal year 2004 to 2005. Fiscal year 2005 showed an increase of 14% to $16.61 billion in cash flow from operations. This is derived from an increase in cash expediency from customers driven by the 8% revenue growth of the company. Cash payments decreased by approximately $1.8 billion from the previous year from binding legal settlements. These factors played the major role in the increase of operating cash flow. Keeping operating cash flows down was payments to the 7% increase in full-time employees added during the fiscal year 2005. This is a great recovery from fiscal year 2004 considering operating cash flow dropped by $1.17 billion from fiscal year 2003. Over two billion of this was from the insolate Microsystems settlement and the European Commission fine.The small offsetting gain is from increases cash receipts from customers. Net financing cash flow showed a large increase from $2.36 b illion in fiscal year 2004 to $41.08 billion in fiscal year 2005. This increase is driven by an additional $34.38 billion of cash dividends paid, and an additional $4.67 billion in cash used for common stock repurchases in fiscal year 2005 from fiscal year 2004. Net financing cash flow did have a substantial decrease from fiscal year 2003 to 2004 of almost $3 billion.However, this decrease is due the company not repurchasing common stock in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2004 and an increase of $628 million from stock issuances of employee stock option exercises. An increase of $872 million in cash dividends during this fiscal year offset the numbers provided. Net investing cash flow for fiscal year 2005 was $15.03 billion, an increase of $18.37 billion from the previous year. Investment maturities that occurred to fund cash dividends paid increased by $23.59 billion in fiscal year 2005. Offsetting this figure was the decrease of $5.32 billion in cash from sale activity and inves tment purchases. Cash used for investing was $3.34 billion in fiscal year 2004, a decrease of $3.88 billion from fiscal year 2003 (Microsoft, 2006).Model AnalysisThe Boston Consulting aggroup Matrix is a representation of the status of Microsoft in the current market. There are four different categories that fall under the ground substance, Stars, Cash Cows, incredulity Marks and Dogs. The highest category and most self-efficient is the Stars with very high growth and high share. Next in the matrix Cash Cows, which are low in growth and high in shares. The third category in the matrix is the Question Marks which are high in growth and low in shares. Last are the Dogs which are very low in both growth and shares. Microsoft would be placed in the Stars category only because the company is constantly growing and is very self-sustaining.Strategic Alternatives1. Develop a Microsoft version of open source software by exploiting Microsofts distinctive competency for developing softwar e. This will give Microsoft an edge in the open market by allowing it to effectively compete with current alternatives to Microsoft products, such as Linux, Sun Systems, and other open source/free software products. This alternative will give Microsoft the opportunity to increase its revenues by offering support services and training for these products.2. Acquire Red Hat Inc. or another successful Linux provider. By combining the rising popularity of the open source concept with the ongoing success of Microsofts application software, the image of Microsoft will improve and launch the company into the increasingly popular open source market.3. meliorate current product line. Increase research and development spending to improve the dependability and security of current products. Then, implement an advertising campaign through several mediums to stress the superior quality of Microsofts products.